07/12 is Paper Bag Day

Today is day 193 of the Gregorian Calendar year,
Pungenday, Confusion 47, 3187 YOLD (discordian)
And let us not forget 13.0.8.12.5 mlc (the Mayan Long Count)
*****

credit in bag

Cat_In_Bag

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Paper Bag Day is, I suppose, a celebration of the invention & existence of the paper bag.  It appears to have come into existence in 2019, perhaps in response to the growing efforts to do away with single use plastic bags.  Possibly sponsored by the pulp or paper or paper bag industry in the hopes that more such bags would wind up being single use than would be reused.  Perish the thought that folks should turn back the clock to the days of woven baskets, string bags and/or cloth bags; this is the disposable culture and we'll just go with paper if we can't have plastic, right?  Cynicism aside,  paper bags have many uses besides as cat traps and head coverings and have been around at least since Francis Wolle got a patent of the first paper bag machine in 1852. It was, however, a woman (of course) named Margaret E. Knight who designed the square, flat bottomed bag, and the machine that would fold and paste them in 1870.  All the same able to be re-used, re-purposed and recycled or not, their production is more than a little problematic and environmentally toxic, so I'll stick with cloth or bags like the chico bag that are woven from recycled plastic bottles.

Called the Bisbee Deportation, a classic example of fascist domestic tyrrany occurred in Bisbee Az on this date in 1917.  None less than FDR told us that fascism was ownership of government by an individual, by a group, or by any other controlling private power.  In this case, it was owned by a notoriously horrible company named Phelps-Dodge.  At its behest, the sheriff of Cochise County , Az, one Harry C. Wheeler, deputized some 2,000 people and then used those fascist storm troopers to kidnap about 1,300 striking mine workers and their supporters at gunpoint based on lists prepared by said Phelps-Doge, the government's owner, and "deport" (exile) them to New Mexico in cattle cars against their will.  At the end of their 16 mile desert train ride with no food and almost no water they were ordered to never return to Bisbee, and that was that.  The felonious lackey of a sheriff then seized the telegraph and telephone lines to keep word of this outrageous activity from getting out.  Nobody was ever fined, jailed, penalized or punished in any way for this outrageously criminal act because "business is business", ya know, and mining has always been above the law and the norms of civilized behavior.  Besides, some say there were rumors  that some of those miners were Wobblies anyway. 

Phelps-Dodge grew and prospered as might be expected from its obviously All American(TM) ethics, ethos and business practices, and was eventually absorbed by Freeport-McMoRan, about which the less said the better. Meanwhile, Bisbee grew into a thriving metropolis of some 5,600 or so people where tourists can tour the old copper mine or visit the the mining and historical museum in the old Phelps-Dodge general office building (a historical landmark, for what it is worth).  The town also at some point shed its openly fascist form of government and became more or less as democratic as the average US city or town.  I was going to say "let us not forget the poor miners", but everybody pretty much did.  The miners got the shaft and after a poorly documented period of suffering, starvation and similar hardships pretty much just disappeared from history. Presumably some of them had names and some probably eventually found work somewhere and maybe even married and raised families, but they're just "the Deportees".

On this day in history:

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1493 – Hartmann Schedel's Nuremberg Chronicle, one of the best-documented early printed books, was published.

1562 – Acting Bishop of Yucatán, Fray Diego de Landa, burned the idols and sacred books of the Maya because, of course he would.

1776 – Captain James Cook began his third and final voyage.

1789 – Radical journalist Camille Desmoulins gave a speech which resulted in the storming of the Bastille two days later.

1790 – The Civil Constitution of the Clergy was passed in France causing the immediate subordination of the church to the civil government.

1917 – Deputized fascist vigilantes kidnapped and "deported" nearly 1,300 striking miners and others from Bisbee, Arizona at the behest of Phelps Dodge 

1920 – The Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty was signed, whereby Soviet Russia recognized Lithuania's independence.

1943 – German and Soviet armored forces fought the Battle of Prokhorovka, leaving Russia with the initiative on the eastern front for the rest of the war.

1948 – Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion ordered the expulsion of Palestinians from the towns of Lod and Ramla.

1961 – The Khadakwasla and Panshet dams failed, killing at least two thousand people in Pune India.

1962 – The Rolling Stones performed for the first time at London's Marquee Club.

1967 – Riots began in Newark, New Jersey, triggered in part by cops beating a black cabbie.
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1971 – The Australian Aboriginal Flag was flown for the first time.

1973 – A fire destroyed the entire sixth floor of the National Personnel Records Center of the United States.

1975 – São Tomé and Príncipe declared independence from Portugal.

1979 – Kiribati became independent from the United Kingdom.

2007 – U.S. Army Apache helicopters made airstrikes in Baghdad where civilians were killed .  Footage from the cockpit was later leaked to the Internet, eventually leading to the persecution and imprisonment of Julian Assange for exposing US War Crimes.

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Born this day in:

It's not what you look at that matters, it's what you see.

~~     Henry David Thoreau

1468 – Juan del Encina, poet, playwright, and composer
1675 – Evaristo Felice Dall'Abaco, violinist and composer
1817 – Henry David Thoreau, essayist, poet, and philosopher
1824 – Eugène Boudin, French painter
1828 – Nikolay Chernyshevsky, Russian philosopher and critic
1849 – William Osler, physician and author
1863 – Albert Calmette, physician, bacteriologist, and immunologist
1879 – Margherita Piazzola Beloch,  mathematician
1884 – Amedeo Modigliani, painter and sculptor
1895 – Buckminster Fuller, architect inventor, and engineer
1895 – Oscar Hammerstein II, director, producer, and songwriter
1899 – E.D. Nixon, civil rights leader
1904 – Pablo Neruda, poet and diplomat
1909 – Herbert Zim, naturalist, author, and educator
1913 – Willis Lamb, physicist and academic
1917 – Andrew Wyeth, artist
1918 – Doris Grumbach, novelist, memoirist, biographer, literary critic, and essayist
1918 – Rusty Dedrick, swing and bebop jazz trumpeter
1920 – Paul Gonsalves, saxophonist
1923 – James E. Gunn, science fiction author
1927 – Conte Candoli, trumpet player
1928 – Elias James Corey, chemist and academic,
1933 – Victor Poor, engineer, developed the Datapoint 2200 
1933 – Donald E. Westlake, author and screenwriter
1934 – Van Cliburn, pianist and composer
1942 – Swamp Dogg, American R&B singer-songwriter and musician
1942 – Steve Young, country singer, songwriter, and guitarist
1943 – Christine McVie, singer, songwriter and keyboard player
1944 – Simon Blackburn, philosopher and academic
1945 – Butch Hancock, singer, songwriter, and musician
1947 – Wilko Johnson, singer, songwriter, guitarist, and actor
1948 – Walter Egan, singer, songwriter, and guitarist
1949 – Simon Fox, drummer
1950 – Eric Carr, drummer and songwriter
1952 – Voja Antonic, computer scientist and journalist, designed the Galaksija computer
1952 – Philip Taylor Kramer, bass player
1954 – Eric Adams, singer, songwriter
1955 – Jimmy LaFave, singer, songwriter, and guitarist
1956 – Sandi Patty, singer and pianist
1962 – Luc De Vos, singer, songwriter, and guitarist
1965 – Robin Wilson, singer and guitarist
1966 – Taiji, bass player and songwriter
1967 – Mac McCaughan, singer and guitarist
1967 – John Petrucci, singer, songwriter, and guitarist
1969 – Jesse Pintado, guitarist
1974 – Sharon den Adel, singer and songwriter
1976 – Tracie Spencer, singer, songwriter, and actress
1981 – Adrienne Camp, singer, songwriter
1984 – Gareth Gates, singer, songwriter

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Died this day in:

“The truth of Zen is the truth of life, and life means to live, to move, to act, not merely to reflect.”

-- D.T. Suzuki

The fight against racism and fascism is completely bound up with the fight to overthrow capitalism, the system that breeds both.

~~    Olive Morris

1584 – Steven Borough, navigator and explorer
1664 – Stefano della Bella,  illustrator and engraver
1742 – Evaristo Felice Dall'Abaco, violinist and composer
1773 – Johann Joachim Quantz, German flute player and composer
1850 – Robert Stevenson, engineer
1892 – Alexander Cartwright, firefighter, invented baseball 
1917 – Hugo Simberg, symbolist painter and graphic artist
1926 – Gertrude Bell, archaeologist and spy
1934 – Ole Evinrude, inventor and businessman, invented the outboard motor 
1935 – Alfred Dreyfus, French colonel
1947 – Jimmie Lunceford, saxophonist and bandleader
1962 – Roger Wolfe Kahn, composer and bandleader
1966 – D. T. Suzuki, philosopher and author
1979 – Olive Morris, civil rights activist
1979 – Minnie Riperton, singer, songwriter
1983 – Chris Wood, saxophonist
1998 – Jimmy Driftwood, singer, songwriter, guitarist, and banjo player
1998 – Arkady Ostashev, Soviet/Russian scientist and engineer
2003 – Benny Carter, trumpet player, saxophonist, and composer
2007 – Robert Burås, singer, songwriter, and guitarist
2010 – Paulo Moura, clarinetist and saxophonist
2013 – Amar Bose, electrical and sound engineer, founded the Bose Corporation 
2014 – Nestor Basterretxea, painter and sculptor

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Holidays, Holy Days, Festivals, Feast Days, Days of Recognition, and such:

Independence Day (São Tomé and Príncipe from Portugal & Kiribati from the UK)
The second day of Naadam (Mongolia)
National Simplicity Day (They made patterns, right?)
National Pecan Pie Day
National Eat Your Jell-O Day
Paper Bag Day (has been around since 2019, celebrating the disposable society)

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Music goes here, iirc, well, With apologies Wink

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Bisbee Deportation

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The Rolling Stones

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Evaristo Felice Dall'Abaco

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Paul Gonsalves

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Conte Condoli

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Van Cliburn

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Swamp Dogg

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Christine McVie

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Wilco Johnson

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Taiji; video disabled, play on you tube https://youtu.be/YVOEA62rNHk 

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Johann Joachim Quantz

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Jimmie Lunceford

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Chris Wood

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Jimmie Driftwood

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Benny Carter

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Ok, it's an open thread, so it's up to you folks now. So what's on your mind?

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Comments

Raggedy Ann's picture

I have paper bags. I like paper bags. I have plastic bags and cloth bags and re-usable bags, too. Bags are handy.

Who the heck is Olive Morris? She's brilliant!

Enjoy the day! Pleasantry

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5 users have voted.

"The “jumpers” reminded us that one day we will all face only one choice and that is how we will die, not how we will live." Chris Hedges on 9/11

enhydra lutris's picture

@Raggedy Ann @Raggedy Ann

young teen she tried to intervene when the cops were mistreating a black diplomat for having a merc and they beat the shit out of her and charged her with interfering and assault on a cop. Just inspired here more.

Olive Elaine Morris (26 June 1952 – 12 July 1979) was a Jamaican-born British-based community leader and activist in the feminist, Black nationalist, and squatters' rights campaigns of the 1970s. Morris was a key organiser in the Black Women's Movement in the United Kingdom, co-founding the Organisation of Women of African and Asian Descent in London and support groups in Manchester. She joined the British Black Panthers and squatted 121 Railton Road in Brixton.

Morris died at the age of 27. Her life and work have been widely commemorated, both by official organisations – Lambeth Council named a building after her – and by activist groups. She features on lists of inspirational Black British women and in June 2020 was brought to wider attention with a Google Doodle.

be well and have a good one

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That, in its essence, is fascism--ownership of government by an individual, by a group, or by any other controlling private power. -- Franklin D. Roosevelt --

enhydra lutris's picture

@Raggedy Ann

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4 users have voted.

That, in its essence, is fascism--ownership of government by an individual, by a group, or by any other controlling private power. -- Franklin D. Roosevelt --

orlbucfan's picture

Thank you and Rec’d! Smile

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6 users have voted.

Inner and Outer Space: the Final Frontiers.

enhydra lutris's picture

@orlbucfan

you've been missing for a while until about yesterday, welcome back.

be well and have a good one

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6 users have voted.

That, in its essence, is fascism--ownership of government by an individual, by a group, or by any other controlling private power. -- Franklin D. Roosevelt --

Wonderful job, as is your way, el.
If I do get stuck with plastic bags, which is the usual occurrence, I repurpose them at least twice.
Oh, Journal for Experimental Biology reports meth is in fresh water. It makes trout addicts.
And I am worried about plastic bags?

https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/224/13/jeb242971/270754/Fres...

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"We'll know our disinformation program is complete when everything the American public believes is false." ---- William Casey, CIA Director, 1981

enhydra lutris's picture

@on the cusp

Some of the makers convert them into filament for 3D printers, which seems cool. Read about the piscine meth heads myself. That's only a bit of all the chemicals in the water too.

When I saw Van Cliburn playing that I knew I had to include it. It gets done by a wild assortment of bands and musicians in a ton of different styles, like this, by Santo & Johnny, not sounding like them at all:

be well and have a good one

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That, in its essence, is fascism--ownership of government by an individual, by a group, or by any other controlling private power. -- Franklin D. Roosevelt --

Dawn's Meta's picture

@on the cusp Nothing would stick for some reason. But and however....

So happy for you and TLOML. You deserve happiness and you two deserve it together. Late in life is so much more appreciated, as I and Mr. Meta know.

One of our favorite songs, which we had in our wedding as well:
[video:https://youtu.be/Yy22lxsjimU]

May you have joy, good health, good food and fun.

All the best wishes we could hope for you both.

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A society grows great when old men plant trees in whose shade they know they shall never sit. Allegedly Greek, but more possibly fairly modern quote.

Consider helping by donating using the button in the upper left hand corner. Thank you.

enhydra lutris's picture

@Dawn's Meta

be well and have a good one

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That, in its essence, is fascism--ownership of government by an individual, by a group, or by any other controlling private power. -- Franklin D. Roosevelt --

@Dawn's Meta This is sort of how it goes for we elders in marriage mode:
The lady had been married 41 years, and her husband passed away over 15 years ago. So, out of nowhere, she met TLOHL and married for 6 1/2 years, then he passed away. I will probate his will. I mentioned to her that I am 69, got married a week ago. She said, "Now you know real love, the love you have only dreamed of all your life. My 6 1/2 years with my husband were the best years of my life. Now, it is your turn."

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"We'll know our disinformation program is complete when everything the American public believes is false." ---- William Casey, CIA Director, 1981

Dawn's Meta's picture

@on the cusp known as the pirate. Really at least one hundred years too late.

Mr. Meta and I feel we deserve each other. Nice to share a cocktail and enjoy an evening.

Our wedding was so much fun: music and food with great views. My parents' last jitterbug.

Take care of yourselves and enjoy each other.

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4 users have voted.

A society grows great when old men plant trees in whose shade they know they shall never sit. Allegedly Greek, but more possibly fairly modern quote.

Consider helping by donating using the button in the upper left hand corner. Thank you.

@Dawn's Meta @Dawn's Meta but the county judge is a life long pal, and he was just thrilled at meeting us at the court house gazebo do get us legit. All 3 of us choked up, had tears of joy before we got through it. A fabulous memory, and fabulous start to our phase out of this life.
We have so much fun, so much in common, it is surreal. I am showing him his new state of Texas. heretofore, he had only spent time in Dallas.
Give us a big lake, a sea coast, or Hill Country, all within a 3 hour drive, and we will never run out of fun sights and sounds!
I am so sorry Macron is goofing up France, and that Le Pen is becoming so potentially powerful, but it is no better here, and may be worse.
hug the Mr. Meta and tell him I said he is a fortunate man!

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3 users have voted.

"We'll know our disinformation program is complete when everything the American public believes is false." ---- William Casey, CIA Director, 1981

Azazello's picture

We were just there for the Fourth of July. We had lovely time, got rained on and visited some old friends.
I wrote a few words about the Bisbee Deportation for another website a long time ago and I was there in 2017 for the filming of Bisbee '17, a movie about the Deportation.
There was another deportation of striking miners in Arizona that same year.
It happened in Jerome, Arizona on July 10, two days before the one in Bisbee.
From Western Mining History.com:

In July of 1917, armed vigilantes rounded up around 75 members of the Industrial Workers of the World labor union and forced them onto cattle cars. The IWW men were then shipped to Needles, California and told never to return to Jerome. Authorities in California sent dozens of armed guards to intercept the train, stating that "Arizona can't dump her undesirables on California." The train turned around and transported the deportees to Kingman, Arizona.
This event would turn out to be a trial run for a much larger deportation at Bisbee in the coming days

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We wanted decent healthcare, a living wage and free college.
The Democrats gave us Biden and war instead.

enhydra lutris's picture

@Azazello

we did camp in Sierra Vista once, using the trailer as home base while hitting some birding hot spots in the area. Maybe some other time, though lacking the trailer makes our wandering a bit more complicated.

Interesting that you were there for that filming, must've been quite an experience.

I read about Jerome, and thought about tossing it in too, but figured that Bisbee was enough, and that there were too many officially sanctioned or committed crimes against miners to start going down that road.

be well and have a good one

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That, in its essence, is fascism--ownership of government by an individual, by a group, or by any other controlling private power. -- Franklin D. Roosevelt --

Lookout's picture

Thanks for the intro to Olive...

The fight against racism and fascism is completely bound up with the fight to overthrow capitalism, the system that breeds both.

~~ Olive Morris

That is sure on target.

Enjoyed learning about the Bisbee story too. Speakig of which, haven't seen Bisbonian around lately. Hope he's alright. I think he retired after the planes he was flying started falling from the sky. Hope he's playing his banjo and enjoying himself somewhere.

As to bags, A few years ago, I came across a trade day deal on insulated cloth grocery bags - $0.25 each. Was offered a box deal and regretted not buying them all and giving them away. They do have advertising on them but hey for a quarter? Plus they've stood the test of time.

Now the trick is keeping them in your car! I've finally mastered that by returning them right after putting away groceries. We also use paper bags in our recycling area (often with paste board boxes inside them - especially for glass and paper recycling). We empty them each week and just refill them the next week. I do sometimes get plastic bags at the grocery primarily for giving away garden produce.

Already mowed this AM. More rain due this PM. Wish we could send some out y'alls way.

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“Until justice rolls down like water and righteousness like a mighty stream.”

Azazello's picture

@Lookout
He is one of the "old friends" I mentioned in my comment above.
We don't see him around here much anymore because he's moved a few miles out of town to a place in the bottom of a canyon where the internet is terrible. He barely gets cell service there. He's doing fine in retirement; still making banjos and kayaks and starting an orchard.

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11 users have voted.

We wanted decent healthcare, a living wage and free college.
The Democrats gave us Biden and war instead.

enhydra lutris's picture

@Azazello

while writing and editing this OT. Glad top hear that he is is thriving, despite lack of signal.

be well and have a good one

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That, in its essence, is fascism--ownership of government by an individual, by a group, or by any other controlling private power. -- Franklin D. Roosevelt --

Lookout's picture

@Azazello

...and best of luck with the orchard!

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7 users have voted.

“Until justice rolls down like water and righteousness like a mighty stream.”

Azazello's picture

@Lookout
He just sent me a new (to us) picture of the deportation.
The "deputies" are loading small groups of miners onto cattle cars at the Warren Ballpark.

The scene was rendered thusly in the movie.
The guy without a hat is me, I've just put Bisbonian on the train.

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8 users have voted.

We wanted decent healthcare, a living wage and free college.
The Democrats gave us Biden and war instead.

enhydra lutris's picture

@Lookout
Olive Morris, succinct and brilliant.

I always returned my bags to the car fairly promptly because no handy place in the house to leave them laying around. We have a place near the front door for temporary stash, so it became automatic to grab them on the way out the door and take them out to the car whenever one went outside.

Since we have curbside recycling, I cant use paper ones for that, put our refuse collectors also pick up shredded documents which are put in paper bags to segregate them from the other recycling for secure disposal.

be well and have a good one.

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That, in its essence, is fascism--ownership of government by an individual, by a group, or by any other controlling private power. -- Franklin D. Roosevelt --

mimi's picture

that fire started?

1973 – A fire destroyed the entire sixth floor of the National Personnel Records Center of the United States.

hmm ...

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enhydra lutris's picture

@mimi

research it too far. Most of the records destroyed were military, some servicemen of some kind.

be well and have a good one

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That, in its essence, is fascism--ownership of government by an individual, by a group, or by any other controlling private power. -- Franklin D. Roosevelt --

mimi's picture

in Kiribati (as a member of an IMF mission team), and the folks living there resembled folks living in South Africa, annoyingly called bushmen. I can't find the photo anymore. But I remember that my husband looked like he felt 'at home' there on the photo I had. The Khoisan Once Were Kings Of The Planet. What Happened? It could also have been Vanuatu or Fiji islands or all three of them.

My memory might be failing me, though, but it would take days to find the photo.

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enhydra lutris's picture

@mimi

once upon a time. Who knows.

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That, in its essence, is fascism--ownership of government by an individual, by a group, or by any other controlling private power. -- Franklin D. Roosevelt --

Remember the fun we had with those. Mark it up too much and could tear it off and start again. Great for wrapping paper as well with markers to make your own design as you went. Try to avoid plastic bags as much as possible but when get one use and reuse until cannot.

I have a lot of the “bring your own bags” that have a permanent home in my car. My favorite way to give a gift to someone is to gave them a “bag” with the gift and they can reuse again and again. Have a good day all.

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Life is what you make it, so make it something worthwhile.

This ain't no dress rehearsal!

enhydra lutris's picture

@jakkalbessie @jakkalbessie

well, also using bright colored non-stick shelf paper so that mine would jump out at me.

Furoshiki! I used to wrap presents in bandannas or larger custom made cloth in the Furoshiki style along with instructions inside that showed a great number of ways to wrap stuff with furoshiki. I eventually got some furoshiki that had such instructions printed on them. They are traditional Japanese cloths that can be used to wrap gifts or carry packages or groceries or damn near anything else. Tea-towels would work too.

This link shows the cloth with instructions that I once procured for such use:
https://www.shiseido.co.kr/en/ginza-edit_japanese-beauty_05.html

be well and have a good one

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That, in its essence, is fascism--ownership of government by an individual, by a group, or by any other controlling private power. -- Franklin D. Roosevelt --

dystopian's picture

Hi EL! Hope all is well your way... Thanks for the amazing Bisbee history. I have been through it a dozen times, though not recently. It is a great little town, very nice for a mining town, and not really what one might think of those. Seemed to have an active artistic side and culture. And a very large XXL hole in the ground.

Henry David was awesome... We went to Walden's, mused and birded a few times the 9 months we lived in Mass. In 1984-5 don't think it looked like what he saw though.

Bucky F. was amazing too. Paid $10 or more to see him lecture once in LA. Talking 'good concert' dough at the time in later 70's. He was a great speaker. There were a couple guys that lived offgrid in geodesic domes in the foothills of the Sierra, some of the hippies of Big Pine, in early 70's. Their places were very neat, especially when the Peter Green was playing.

Christine did the cover art for Kiln House, the first post Peter Green F.Mac album and last with Jeremy Spencer. A great sleeper one-off Mac album. She was not yet a member of the band but did play and do some backup vocals on it, though I think only credited for the cover art. The cover opened up so the pic is only the front or right half of the illustration, which was very cool.
Kilnhouse-frontcover.jpg

Be well all, it is the best revenge...

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We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them.
Look deep into nature, and then you will understand everything better.
both - Albert Einstein

enhydra lutris's picture

@dystopian

things happened and I had to miss it. That was back when dome based houses and other buildings were popping up all over out here. Still plenty around, part of the landscape now and one hardly notices. They used some for radomes all over the world and when they pulled out some got put to interesting uses. One such is the "Canopy Tower" ecolodge in Panama, look out your window and you're looking at the canopy, great birding locale, but the best stuff requires a day tour (or night) out. Have to dust your boots for chiggers when exiting however, something new to me (advantage of being a CA type).

Didn't know Christine did that cover, saw it once, maybe twice.

be well and have a good one

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That, in its essence, is fascism--ownership of government by an individual, by a group, or by any other controlling private power. -- Franklin D. Roosevelt --

enhydra lutris's picture

@dystopian

You Tube gives Christine (Perfect) credits for keyboard and vocals on Mission Bell and Hi Ho Silver, didn't check other songs, da wiki says uncredited wrt album, doesn't detail cuts.

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That, in its essence, is fascism--ownership of government by an individual, by a group, or by any other controlling private power. -- Franklin D. Roosevelt --

dystopian's picture

@enhydra lutris the original vinyl from the period only credits her with the cover art. Sorry to be slow, had to check. Wink

I have heard nothing but rave reviews of the canopy tower, a dozen friends have told me to go. One does Manakin research out of UCLA with Smithsonian there, the wing snap thing.

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We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them.
Look deep into nature, and then you will understand everything better.
both - Albert Einstein

enhydra lutris's picture

@dystopian

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That, in its essence, is fascism--ownership of government by an individual, by a group, or by any other controlling private power. -- Franklin D. Roosevelt --