Measuring Intelligence

You can't have stupidity without intelligence to compare it to. And our received intellectual culture firmly believes in the wisdom of, and the need for, the measurement and ranking of smartness. This paradigm first affected me when I was five years old and the Dallas Independent School District tested me along with all the other kids about to start the first grade. Based on that event, I was assigned to a normal (i.e. ungifted) class. I was later told that my conduct that year was not disruptive but I was always unhappy and broke down in tears a lot. Toward the end of the school year, they gave us all another aptitude test and, for reasons unknowable, I was rerated from normal to VERY GIFTED.

From the second grade through the seventh grade, I was assigned to what everybody called The Smart Class. Officially we were called the Higher Academic Achievement Group (HAAG). The teachers all frequently reminded us of our responsibility as members of The Smart Class (also called The Accelerated Class) to behave properly. By the sixth grade, this demand became palpable as all 30 of us were required to be in the school choir which would perform in the school Christmas Pageant. At age 12, six decades ago, I had already learned that I have a tin ear and can't carry a tune to save my life. Nevertheless I was required to get to school at 7am for choir practice. I hated getting up early and I hated having to stand on the risers for an hour before a long school day followed by basketball practice. But I got lucky when the music teacher got mad at me for singing off key and kicked me out of the show, accusing me of singing bad on purpose.

I was smart enough not to deny it.

Brer Rabbit became one of my literary heroes.

That imposed elitism rubbed me the wrong way and I still hate the fraud of calibrated intelligence assessment. Every decade or so, I check out the latest rap from The Social Sciences about the scam of IQ:

https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-genius-iq-score-2795585

What Is a Genius IQ Score?
Understanding how IQ scores are classified
By
Kendra Cherry, MSEd

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book.

People often talk about very high intelligence quotient (IQ) scores, often referred to as genius IQ scores, but what exactly do these numbers mean and how do they stack up? How do IQ scales break down scores into different IQ levels?

Technically, the term "genius" is no longer part of IQ classifications, so exact definitions of what we might consider a genius IQ score vary. However, any score over 116 is considered "above average." In older classification systems, scores over 140 were described as "near" genius or genius scores.
Are people in the "Genius IQ" bracket really that much better off than those in the "High IQ" or even the "Average IQ" brackets? Are geniuses more successful than their lower-IQ counterparts? Some experts suggest that other factors, including emotional intelligence, might matter even more than IQ levels.

Breakdown of Scores on an IQ Scale

The average score on an IQ test is 100. These labels are often given for IQ scores:
• 1 to 24: Profound mental disability
• 25 to 39: Severe mental disability
• 40 to 54: Moderate mental disability
• 55 to 69: Mild mental disability
• 70 to 84: Borderline mental disability
• 85 to 114: Average intelligence
• 115 to 129: Above average or bright
• 130 to 144: Moderately gifted
• 145 to 159: Highly gifted
• 160 to 179: Exceptionally gifted
• 180 and up: Profoundly gifted

An average IQ score is between 85 and 115. 68% of IQ scores fall within one standard deviation of the mean. That means that the majority of people have an IQ score between 85 and 115.
While previous versions of IQ classifications described some score ranges as genius IQ scores, those terms are no longer in use today. However, according to the classification of Stanford-Binet scores used by Lewis Terman, scores above 140 were described as near genius or genius. Today, such scores would instead be described as gifted.

Understanding IQ Scale Scores
IQ scores follow what is known as the bell curve. To understand what the score on an IQ test means, there are a few key terms that you should know.

• Normal distribution: When IQ scores are plotted on a graph, they typically follow a bell-shaped curve, often called the bell curve.1 The peak of the "bell" occurs where most scores lie. The bell then slopes down to each side; one side represents lower-than-average scores, and the other represents scores above the average.

• Mean: The mean is the average score. The average is calculated by adding all of the scores together and then dividing by the total number of scores.

• Standard Deviation: This is a measure of variability in a population. A low standard deviation means that most data points are very close to the same value. A high standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be very spread out from the average. In IQ testing, the standard deviation is plus or minus 15.2

What IQ Scores Really Mean

What exactly constitutes a genius score on a measure of intelligence? To understand the score, it is important first to learn a little more about IQ testing in general.

Today's intelligence tests are mainly based on the original test devised in the early 1900s by French psychologist Alfred Binet. To identify students in need of extra assistance in school, the French government asked Binet to devise a test that could be used to discover which students were most in need of academic help.

Based on his research, Binet developed the concept of mental age.3 Children of certain age groups quickly answered specific questions. Some children could respond to the questions typically answered by children of an older age, so these children had a higher mental age than their actual chronological age. Binet's measure of intelligence was based on the average abilities of children of a particular age group.

Intelligence tests are designed to measure a person's problem-solving and reasoning abilities.4 Your IQ score is a measure of fluid and crystallized intelligence. Your score on an IQ test indicates how well you did on these tests of mental abilities compared to other people in your age group.

What IQ Tests Measure

Logic, spatial awareness, verbal reasoning, and visual abilities are some of the key areas assessed by many IQ tests. They are not intended to measure knowledge in specific subject areas like the SAT and ACT tests focus on.

An IQ test is not something that you can really study for to improve your score. Instead, these tests are more interested in looking at your ability to use logic to solve problems, to recognize patterns, and to make rapid connections between different points of information.

IQ Scores Are Increasing

IQ scores have also increased with passing generations. This is known as the Flynn effect, named for researcher James R. Flynn.

Since the 1930s when standardized tests first became widespread, researchers have noted a sustained and significant increase in test scores among people all over the world. Flynn has suggested that this increase is due to improvements in our abilities to solve problems, think abstractly, and utilize logic.

In a 2013 TED Talk, Flynn explained that past generations largely had to deal with their immediate environments' concrete and specific problems.5 In contrast, people today are expected to think more about abstract and hypothetical situations.

Not only that, but approaches to education have changed dramatically over the past 75 years, and more people tend to have jobs that are identified as cognitively demanding.

Recently, some researchers have suggested there has been a reversal of the Flynn effect starting in the 1990s. A 2023 study found that there has been a marked decline in intelligence scores among U.S. adults.6 This doesn't necessarily mean that Americans are becoming less intelligent, however. Instead, this reversal may be due to cultural or environmental changes. Changes in test-taking tendencies or abilities may also cause it.

Takeaways

IQ tests are indeed interesting, but it's important to remember that they are not the only measurement of intelligence. They focus on certain areas of our abilities and, while they do point to how smart a person may be academically, there are areas in life that someone may be better at than others.

So when you boil all the hemming and hawing down, the linear scale of "intelligence" is nonsense.
And you cannot separate cultural influences from "innate" mental processes.

When someone employs this mental terminology to disqualify your fellow citizens from what amounts to citizenship, he or she is just like my creepy Dallas educators were when they defined me as "smart."

Footnote. During my six years of Smart Class education, I frequently overheard teachers refer to the opposite end of the spectrum as The Super Slows.

How's this regime working out for our nation?

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Comments

Lookout's picture

...typically are privileged in that they have traveled and had many experiences...but not all. Sometimes they are immigrant kids that are not wealthy (but they have had many experiences). I guess I'm trying to say class also influences "giftedness". My better half was a teacher of the gifted and spent 3 years working with Torrence.

My thought is everyone is gifted...in some domain. Need a cart put together? Give it to one of those so called "slow students".

We confuse academic talent with giftedness in my opinion. Just be yourself, and use your talents.

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“Until justice rolls down like water and righteousness like a mighty stream.”

QMS's picture

.
Was encouraged to skip a grade or two but declined.
My friends were in my class. At 3rd grade level, it did not
even make sense. Perhaps the teachers were disappointed.
Doesn't really matter. We all develop at our own rates.

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A mind that does not detest bad government is foolish.

Pluto's Republic's picture

@QMS

....would it have made your boats sail faster?

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soryang's picture

...are the most important. I'm not sure of the benefit of IQ testing except perhaps for discovering cognitive disabilities. I think a lot of people probably have some latent talents that were never really developed because they were undetected, either because they weren't raised in the right environment, or persons with the proper background weren't available to take note and promote cultivation of the gift.

Sometimes education is too cumbersome, rigid, or lacking in imagination. Consequently, a lot of talent out there is neglected. In other instances the talent or potential may be recognized, but it doesn't meet the needs of the organization, or people in a position to promote talent, simply don't give a crap enough to encourage and support it. It's a hard fall to know that you are the best at something, and the potential is never realized, because of one's status, and you didn't have the resources or opportunity to realize it. In other instances, people are simply neglected.

On other hand, because teaching institutions are rigid, and evaluation techniques improperly applied, one might even be told, you have no skill in this area, you have poor test results, you got a D, or failed the course. Something along those lines, when in fact, the teaching and evaluation methods are crude, applied out of context, or simply wrong.

I think it was Alan Watts who said working at a job, is a waste of your life. I like the aphorism attributed to John Lennon as well, life is what happens when you were planning something else. I have often heard over the decades from ordinary people, people I liked, "woulda, shoulda, coulda." It's a kind of folk wisdom. I'm more of it takes a village type. Without mentors and teachers who know what they're doing and care enough to guide a child and young person, their gifts may never be realized. If the environment isn't conducive...oh well. My 2 cents.

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語必忠信 行必正直

usefewersyllables's picture

@soryang

I learned in my management training was that, broadly speaking, there are 3 pathways for learning: visual, auditory, and kinesthetic.

Most people have some of all 3. But some are really focused on one type, and forcing them to try to learn via another pathway does them a disservice. An auditory learner loves lectures, and learns music by ear before they learn to read music, if they ever do. You can lecture a visual learner until you are blue in the face, but they’ll learn the material better if you give them the notes (or the sheet music). And the poor kinesthetic learner needs to do the motions, or at the very least be walking while you are talking at them or handing them notes.

I’m one of the lucky ones who scores right in the middle on all three axes- thus, I’m a drummer who can read sheet music just fine, but finds it incredibly annoying… (;-)

It can be very interesting to analyze your coworkers, and then interact on their turf. For example, the folks who just absolutely need to be moving to learn? Walk with them, instead of sitting still… Works a treat.

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Twice bitten, permanently shy.

janis b's picture

@soryang

If I were to measure intelligence I would rate your comment an A ; ). Thank you.

Alan Watts quotes -

https://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/1501668.Alan_W_Watts

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in all of psychological science. It has been studied to death. It is replicable. It is probably 80% inherited. There are many different tests, they all end up showing about the same thing. The SAT was designed more recently to be less of an IQ test making it easier to study for, and it still mostly reflects IQ.

If you have an IQ below 85 you are going to have a tough time, reading, staying out of jail, leading a comfortable life. Above 115 things go much easier for you. Fair? no, nor is life.

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Pluto's Republic's picture

.

....geniuses and immensely gifted composers and mathematical visionaries who were born over the past 90,000 years — with not much to do during their lives except to hunt woolly mammoths with homemade spears. Unless they were nearsighted, as so many humans seem to be.

I imagine all of the Jeff Bezos and Elon Musks, who were born as modern humans in the early nomadic years, just out off Africa. There was not much to do relative to their unique gifts — except for drawing comics on the walls of various caves they slept in..

They would have to wait another 80,000 years before their tribes caught on to growing food from seeds. Staying in one place for a yearly cycle, then another, would clue humans into astronomy and climate change. Those three simple concepts would finally start the tick-tock of human thought in time and space — and speed things along.

On the other hand, there's no denying the large numbers of unhappy misfits that are currently among us. How many are potential genuses who can't get any traction or find inspiration in the world, as it is. History tells us our misfits may have been born tens-of-thousands of years too soon for their natural gifts to find a fulfilling purpose. The civilizations occupying this planet are very slow and very lazy when it comes to improving the world for future generations. In fact, many people on this planet are trying to grab and hoard everything they can, and take it with them. From a futurist perspective, however, the current human existence on this planet dd Human existence on this planet remains technologically and philosophically and spiritually primitive. There are many precious aptitudes and innate gifts that lie dormant in the many unhappy misfits we produce, and jail.

Born too soon to be great.

An enjoyable essay. Thanks.

[edited = garbled mess]

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when they attain adulthood?
Asking for a friend.

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"We'll know our disinformation program is complete when everything the American public believes is false." ---- William Casey, CIA Director, 1981

mimi's picture

@on the cusp

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Cassiodorus's picture

Just as there is no one thing to be called the other thing.

"Di innocent wi habah dout
Check tings out
An maybe fine out
But di fool.............cho!"

-Linton Kwesi Johnson

Just as a footnote, my model for stupidity was Trump. He does harmful things and then backs them up with clearly exaggerated pretenses that they are "good," he pretends he knows more, and knows better, than those who in fact do know more and better, he hires incompetent people, fires them, and then hires more incompetent people. I'm sure he pretended to be a business success through all of his bankruptcies. He appears to deal with consequences by running away and playing golf.

I guess I don't think of the stupid as those with low abilities. Such people might indeed be called stupid, but they have a level, and they are not importantly or interestingly stupid on that level. The importantly or interestingly stupid are those who were promoted way above their level, who don't want to know, and who openly refuse invitations to be intelligent. In fact the interestingly stupid openly despise intelligence, proclaiming that everyone should be as stupid as they are.

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"Our Left is out to lunch" -- Richard Wolff

janis b's picture

@Cassiodorus

to express your meaning, in my opinion. Thanks.

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So that mot about "inadequate IQs" did not mean that you believe in the IQ test as a measure of "intelligence." And apparently you also agree with me that a single linear scale of intelligence is bogus.

But we are still at odds over whether the word stupid has any value at all other than as ad hominem.

As such, cool! He earns all his insults but he clearly has a variety of cleverness and he is quick witted on television. That skill should not be confused with wisdom or profundity. But stupid is only justified bile as a descriptor of Mr. Blowhard.

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I cried when I wrote this song. Sue me if I play too long.

lotlizard's picture

@fire with fire  
from our side — left or pseudo-liberal partisan “goodhate” of Trump as also practiced over at Daily Kos & Co. — may be emotionally satisfying but butters no parsnips in the arena of revolutionary struggle — if indeed revolution is one’s desired goal and context of action.

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@lotlizard @lotlizard This thread stands for the proposition that unity is our goal.

This does not come from the American labor movement tradition of organizing but it's an oldie but a goodie:

Workers of the world, unite. You have nothing to lose but your chains.

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I cried when I wrote this song. Sue me if I play too long.

touchy subject. My grandmother had been a schoolteacher, and she taught me to read when I was 2.
Apparently this eluded my mother. I recall asking her to buy me a book (Mouse House?) at a little bookstore when I was four or so. She scoffed and said no, I couldnt even read it. Which I promptly began to do. She may have been baiting me, its hard to know. She bought the book and I notched it as a victory. My parents divorced when I was in kindergarten, and our house caught fire so we moved.
First grade at another school they slid me over to 2nd grade reading/english/whatever for that particular period.
Second grade was split between the school near my grandparents house where I stayed as my mother moved to San Francisco then Berkeley, where I attended King Middle School for the last half of the year. Seriously pissing off the teacher with my doodling.
While at my grandparents they procured some psychologists to come out to the middle of nowhere and administer a test. Third grade was spent in Grand Forks at an Open Community School experiment that I enjoyed immensely. Fourth grade into a year round school in Reno where I came to traumatic grip with my missing math skills trying to learn mult tables. By then I had already made animated film, and been introduced to computers, but those basics were delayed and seemed difficult, definitely stressful and pressured. Next few years in Carson City at very decent schools, unaware of any sorting by class, but sent off to some gifted program at certain times to do whatever they were trying to do in that program. Educational psychologists doing research rather than teaching. I suppose the earliest lessons I learned was that answering all/any of the questions in class was a bad idea. Playing stupid wasnt necessarily dumb.
Moving back to Fresno I found myself at a rinky dink junior high without my academic records in the obviously segregated classes lower rung. I suppose that lasted a few days or less when my pencil hit the desk far ahead of anyone else during tests. "take this note to the office." Seeing the reality of that segregation left me feeling that the slower students were being harmed, but at this point I can understand how that works both ways. My grades were never particularly good, and a year prior my mother's frustration with that caused me to basically break down. "Youre supposed to be so bright, why arent your grades better?"
She went to the trouble of telling me I scored something like 135 on an IQ test, and the normal IQ was 120... I tried correcting a teacher who claimed 100 was the norm, and suddenly knew something was rotten somewhere. This was when she admitted my score was 152.
None of that made much difference to me, changed nothing, I didnt like school, couldnt wait until I was done. Of course the college thing was a thing, and I was content to attend the local state college I live next to now. \
That wasnt good enough for my mother. Probably looking out for my best interest, maybe a little pride involved, despite my pleas and protests, she got me into UCSC with maybe a 2.8 GPA?
Underprivileged white kid discount applied I suppose. This was just before it became very popular.
While that was the best of vacations, I did learn a thing or two that seemed important.
But I cant learn unless Im interested, and even then I am learning disabled (I call it instruction blind). I had never considered or heard of ADHD, but a really great fellow in the Electronic Music program brought it up and it seems correct. Having the chance to hear Bob Trivers lecture on fascinating ideas like Deceit and Self-Deception was pivotal. I tried to slide into his graduate class because I was so interested. He told me to dig my own grave. If I had known how many classes I was gonna fail anyway, I would have stuck around. That would have been a profound decision, but likely harmful, just as being at home would have been. I managed to tip toe through the 80's without being another coke addict suicide stat, but only by accident or good fortune of a sort. I suspect Trivers would have been a very destructive influence at the time.
Wait, was this about Trump?
All of the cognitive charges leveled at Biden and Trump are pretty bogus and that actually is the point I wanted to make. They arent stupid or demented, just sick and treacherous.
Deceit, lying, dishonesty, all the games played by asshole hatchet flacks is much more significant than the baseline intelligence of anyone, oval office or anywhere.\
With no holds barred deception being the rule, intelligence is kind of a vestigial appendage.
All we can do is hope for the best for the most, and call those fucking liars just what they are.
That should be known as one of the worst crimes of all.
Wake me up when that happens.
Thanks!

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@kelly

All of the cognitive charges leveled at Biden and Trump are pretty bogus and that actually is the point I wanted to make. They arent stupid or demented, just sick and treacherous.

This is important to me because to focus on the supposed mental capacity of political leaders gets us further away from dealing with the crisis of authority that is raging right now.

The wisdom of Gibbs on NCIS is never underestimate your opponent. The constant repetition of the Stupid or Dementia label violates this commonsense principle.

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I cried when I wrote this song. Sue me if I play too long.